This book is intended to present the application of plasma phenomena to wide variety of fields. Therefore, even if the readers do not know the plasma phenomena at present, you could understand what the plasma is and what kind of typical characteristics it has. This book is useful for the people who are studying or working in the fields of chemical engineering, electronic engineering, energy and environmental engineering or medical surgery and treatment fields, as well as in the plasma major. However, the readers are required to have leaned fundamental electromagnetism for full understanding the contents of this book. After understanding or knowing the plasma characteristics, you could improve or develop new application fields based on the plasma.
In Chapter 1, and through Chap. 4, what is the plasma is introduced by explaining terrestrial, space and astrophysical phenomena as well as artificially produced ones. These phenomena are easy to see or be made in daily life. In other words, plasmas are quite popular phenomena. The key techniques for keeping plasma in clean vessel are discussed by explaining the vacuum system. The standard diagnostic methods for obtaining plasma characteristics are also explained.
From Chapter 5, and through Chap. 7, main parts of this book are described, including the application of plasma phenomena to the material processing, energy and environmental fields, medical fields, and the combined area of these fields. The controlled thermonuclear fusion is strongly anticipated phenomena for the future energy source. The nuclear fusion, however, has vast variety of engineering tasks and fields, but this book cannot cover entire subject with respect to nuclear fusion physics and engineering. Another advanced energy source is the high energy particle beam source. With help of plasma, this system is expected to become quite small, typically 1/1000, compared with the present high energy particle accelerators. Wide variety of applications to the environmental fields such as exhaust gases treatments are also introduced.
On the other hand, fresh plants require a lot of carbon dioxide, CO2, as well as sun light. As a new technique for recycling of CO2, this gas is introduced into the greenhouse for cultivation of plants. Sterilization with use of plasma is one of other key techniques, by producing ozone in the oxygen. However, ozone is very toxic and it is not good in surrounding of human, and other nontoxic method is introduced.
The applications of plasma to the medical fields have wide variety of fields, such as surgery, surface coating of the materials used within human body and many others. In the plasma surgery, for example, damages on the surround cells of the body are quite limited compared with use of metal surgery knives. The plasma medicine is an innovative and effective for therapeutic and surgery applications in the future.
Yasushi Nishida Professor Yasushi Nishida received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electronic Engineering from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. He was with Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan since 1973. He was the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Engineering, and also a Trustee and Vice-President from 2004 to the end of March 2007. He has also worked in the capacity of Director of Cooperative Research Center of Utsunomiya University and Director of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Tochigi branch. He is currently a professor with National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. He is a Professor Emeritus with Utsunomiya University and an Honorary Professor with University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China and also with Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, China. He has been a pioneer in the world of the experimental researches on the plasma-based accelerator phenomena by employing high-power microwaves or ultra-short high-power lasers. He is currently involved in the application of pulsed discharge source for production of hydrogen fed directly to fuel cell on the vehicle. He is also involved in disinfecting the contaminated air with use of plasma. He was awarded The Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Prizes for Science and Technology in Research Category on “Discovery of Particle Acceleration by Plasma and Investigations on the Ultra-Small Accelerators” on April 11, 2011 and many others. Prof. Nishida was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1992.
Keng-Liang Ou Professor Keng-Liang Ou obtained his Ph.D. degree from Graduate Institute of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. He joined Taipei Medical University to pursue the cutting-edge research of biomaterials. He is also the Director of Research Center for Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices and the Director of Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production. Besides institutional appointment, Prof. Ou serves as the President of Institute of Plasma Engineering in Taiwan, the Director of the Taiwan Society for Metal Heat Treatment, the President of Taiwan Oral Biomedical Engineering Association and the Director of Yongee Anti-cancer Foundation. Professor Ou devotes himself to the novel research in the fields of biomaterials, bioengineering, biosensing, bioimaging, and translational medicine. In addition, he establishes extensive collaborations with industry and has played a leading role in developing medical devices for health professionals worldwide. He is the leader and organizer for the biomedical product design, production, manufacturing, testing, legalization and market planning, with supports from teams of scientists and researchers with expertise in different fields. With the outstanding accomplishments in research and invention, Professor Ou received the Award of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons of Taiwan in the year of 2011 and the TMU Distinguished University Professor Award in 2014. Today he is CEO of 3D Global Biotech Inc., which is a spin-off company from Taipei Medical University.
Preface Chapter 1What is Plasma? 1.1Introduction 1-1-1Fluid model 1-1-2Kinetic model 1-2Artificially-Produced Plasma 1-2-1Plasma displays 1-2-2Fluorescent lamps and neon signs 1-2-3Industrial application 1-2-4Fusion energy researches 1-3Terrestrial Plasma 1-3-1Lightning 1-3-2Sprites 1-3-3St. Elmo’s fire 1-3-4The polar aurora, northern lights 1-4Space and Astrophysical Plasma 1-4-1The Sun and other stars 1-4-2The solar wind 1-5Definition of Plasma and Fundamental Characteristics 1-5-1Plasma properties and parameters 1-5-2Comparison of plasma and gas phases 1-6Complex Plasma Phenomena 1-6-1Filamentation 1-6-2Shocks or double layers 1-6-3Cellular structure 1-6-4Electric fields and circuits 1-6-5Critical ionization velocity 1-6-6Ultracold plasma 1-6-7Non-neutral plasma 1-6-8Dusty plasma and grain plasma Chapter 2Methods for Plasma Production 2-1Basic Mechanism of Plasma Production 2-1-1Townsend discharge and discharge start voltage 2-1-2Self- sustaining discharge voltage 2-1-3Structure of glow discharge 2-1-4High frequency discharge 2-2Plasma Production in Low Gas Pressure 2-3Plasma Production in High Gas Pressure 2-3-1Corona discharge 2-3-2Electric spark 2-3-3Dielectric barrier discharge 2-4Plasma Production by Lasers 2-4-1Introduction to physics of lasers 2-4-2Types of lasers 2-4-3Plasma production by lasers 2-4-4Laser classifications Chapter 3Key Techniques for Plasma Production 3-1Vacuum Technology 3-1-1Definition of vacuum 3-1-2Necessity of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) 3-1-3The mechanism of the vacuum pump operation 3-2Vacuum Theory Using Ideal Gas Properties 3-2-1Collision parameters 3-2-2Three regions of gas flow 3-2-3Molecular transport and pumping laws 3-2-4Pumping law in the high and ultra-high vacuum regions 3-3Practical Vacuum Techniques 3-3-1Transfer or rotary pump 3-3-2Diffusion pumps 3-3-3Turbomolecular pumps 3-3-4Sorption pump 3-3-5Simplified vacuum system design 3-3-6Summary of vacuum pumps and their characteristics 3-4Vacuum Measuring Technique 3-4-1Manometer 3-4-2Membrane gauge 3-4-3Electronic gauge Chapter 4Plasma Diagnostics 4-1Langmuir Probe Method 4-1-1Single probe [1,2] 4-1-2Emissive probe 4-1-3Double probe [4,5] 4-1-4Triple probe [6] 4-1-5High frequency resonance probe 4-1-6Ion sensitive probe 4-2Microwave Interferometry and Reflectmetry 4-2-1Plasma density measurements by microwave interferometry 4-2-2Plasma density measurement by microwave reflectometry 4-2-3Laser interferometry 4-3Spectroscopy 4-3-1Refraction of light 4-3-2Spectroscopy 4-3-3Instruments 4-3-4Measurement process 4-3-5Measured physical quantity 4-4Laser Spectroscopy 4-4-1Thomson scattering [18] 4-4-2Stark effect [19] 4-4-3Zeeman interaction [19] Chapter 5Plasmas for Material Processing 5-1Low Temperature Plasmas 5-1-1Plasma CVD and its characteristic feature 5-1-2Plasma source for plasma CVD 5-1-3Some examples of application of plasma CVD 5-2Thermal Plasma 5-2-1DC arc plasma 5-2-2RF torch plasma 5-2-3Microwave torch plasma Chapter 6Applications to Energy and Environmental Fields 6-1Inroduction 6-2Light Source and Display Systems 6-2-1Light sources 6-2-2Plasma display [3,4] 6-3Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion for Future Energy Sources 6-3-1Principle of thermonuclear fusion 6-3-2Fusion devices and experimental results216 6-3-3Fusion sites and international collaboration 6-4Particle Beam Source 6-4-1Ion beam source 6-4-2Neutral beam source 6-5High Energy Particle Accelerator 6-5-1High energy particle accelerator 6-5-2Principle of charged particle acceleration 6-5-3Vp×B acceleration (Surfatron) 6-5-4Plasma beat wave accelerator 6-5-5Plasma wakefield acceleration 6-5-6Laser wakefield acceleration 6-5-7Acceleration distance and optical guiding 6-6Application to Environmental Engineering 6-6-1Ozone production and application 6-6-2Volatile organic compounds treatment by electrostatic precipitator 6-6-3Exhaust gas treatment by electrostatic precipitation 6-6-4Recycled usage of exhaust gases 6-6-5Sterilization by plasma Chapter 7Biomedical Application of Plasma Technology 7-1Introduction339 7-2Application of Plasma on Artificial Devices 7-2-1Effect of plasma treatment on biocompatibility and osseointegration of Ti implant 7-2-2Wettability of implant surface improved by plasma treatment 7-2-3Enhancement of wear and corrosion resistance by plasma treatment 7-2-4Anti-bacterial properties of plasma nitrided layers on biomedical devices 7-2-5The interaction between blood and material interfaces 7-2-6Influence of surface morphology on implant 7-2-7Pretreatment of biomaterial surface 7-2-8Application of plasma on biomaterials 7-2-9Application of plasma on Ti-based biomaterials 7-3Application of Argon Plasma on Tissue of Organism 7-3-1Basic principle of argon plasma coagulation (APC) 7-3-2Thermal injury caused by high power argon plasma 7-3-3Efficacy of APC therapy 7-3-4Dependence of pulsed mode APC Appendix Index Exercises
