Sufism is often understood to be the mystical dimension of Islam, and many works have focused on the nature of "mystical experiences" and the relationship between man and God. Yet Sufism was a human response to a wide range of contexts and circumstances; the fact that Sufis lived in society and interacted with the community necessitating guidance on how to behave.

This book examines the development of Persian Sufism, showing it to be a practical philosophy of the everyday rather than just a metaphysical phenomena. The author explores the ethic of futuwwat (or jawanmardi), an Iranian code of honour that emphasised loyalty, humility, generosity and bravery. Although inevitably some Sufis spiritualised this code of honour and applied it to their own relationship with God, the ethic continued to permeate Sufi behaviour on a more mundane level, typified by the strong links between Sufis and certain trades.

Drawing on field research in Iran, as well as detailed analysis of both Arabic and Persian texts and new materials that have been published in Iran in recent years, this is the first book in English to provide a history of Persian Sufi-futuwwat, As such, this book is an important contribution to the study of Persian Sufism, and to the fields of Islam, history and religion.

Contents

Introduction 1. The Origins of Futuwwat: Muruwwat and the Ethics of the ‘Ayyaran 2. Futuwwat and Early Persian Sufis 3. Institutionalisation Within the Sufi Futuwwat Associations During the 12th-14th Centuries 4. Timurid Futuwwat: The Case of Husayn Wa’iz Kashifi 5. Futuwwat from the Safavids to the Early Modern Era: Qalandar and Khaksar Jawanmardi 6. Futuwwat in the Modern Era: The Zurkhana Between Tradition and Change

Author Bio

Lloyd Ridgeon is Reader in Islamic Studies at the University of Glasgow. He teaches courses on classical Islamic Studies, modern Iran and modern Islamic thought, and his research interests include Sufism, Iranian history and culture, Iranianand Islamic theology. His most recent publications include Sufi Castigator (Routledge, 2007), Religion and Politics in Modern Iran (I.B. Tauris, 2006), Sufism: Critical Concepts (4 volumes), (Routledge, 2008) and Iranian Intellectuals 1997-2007 (Routledge, 2008).