Introduction.- History of PNL.- Prone PNL: Review and results.- PNL Indications and guidelines.- Anatomy for PNL.- Radiology for stone disease.- Anesthesiological considerations (especially position related issues) before, during, after.- Supine PNL.- Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal surgery.- Technical aspects of percutaneous management of ureteral stenoses and upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.- Complications: how to manage them?.- PNL in pediatric patient.- Results: published series.- Conclusions.