This edited book includes more than four hundred short papers that were presented during the fourth edition of EMCEI, which was held in Sousse, Tunisia in November 2022. By presenting a wide range of environmental topics and new findings relevant to a variety of problems in the Mediterranean region and its surroundings, the book addresses emerging environmental issues along with new challenges by focusing on innovative approaches that contribute to achieving a sustainable environment in these regions. The book appeals to anyone working in the subject area and especially students interested in learning more about new developments in environmental research initiatives in light of the worsening environmental degradation of the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, making environmental and resource protection an increasingly important issue that impedes sustainable development and social well-being. The book addresses emerging environmental issues along with new challenges by focusing on innovative approaches that contribute to achieving a sustainable environment in and around the Mediterranean Sea and by highlighting to decision makers from relevant sectors the environmental considerations that should be integrated into their own activities.